{"id":1616,"date":"2023-11-19T03:15:32","date_gmt":"2023-11-19T02:15:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost:8080\/maxblog\/?p=1616"},"modified":"2023-11-22T19:36:01","modified_gmt":"2023-11-22T18:36:01","slug":"comment-se-forme-lequilibre-sur-un-marche","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/comment-se-forme-lequilibre-sur-un-marche\/","title":{"rendered":"Comment se forme l\u2019\u00e9quilibre sur un march\u00e9\u00a0?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"1616\" class=\"elementor elementor-1616\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d71a4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7d71a4a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-389cd7d\" data-id=\"389cd7d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8169f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a8169f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7643655 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7643655\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f297427\" data-id=\"f297427\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-361d80f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"361d80f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Comment se forme l\u2019\u00e9quilibre sur un march\u00e9 ?<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de06178 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de06178\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8b729b\" data-id=\"c8b729b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1f07f28\" data-id=\"1f07f28\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b7c611b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b7c611b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a7e2c2\" data-id=\"9a7e2c2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fffe349 nc-justify-text elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fffe349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objectif\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u00catre capable de repr\u00e9senter un graphique avec des courbes de demande et d\u2019offre permettant d\u2019identifier le prix d\u2019\u00e9quilibre et la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9quilibre <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/comment-se-forme-lequilibre-sur-un-marche\/#Mots_cles\" >Mots cl\u00e9s<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/comment-se-forme-lequilibre-sur-un-marche\/#I_Lefficacite_dun_marche\" >I. L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 d\u2019un march\u00e9<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/comment-se-forme-lequilibre-sur-un-marche\/#II_Explication_du_fonctionnement_des_prix_sur_un_marche_en_situation_de_concurrence\" >II. Explication du fonctionnement des prix sur un march\u00e9 en situation de concurrence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/comment-se-forme-lequilibre-sur-un-marche\/#III_Postulats_rationalite_des_agents_et_concurrence_parfaite\" >III. Postulats : rationalit\u00e9 des agents et concurrence parfaite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Mots_cles\"><\/span><a name=\"_Toc111154144\"><\/a>Mots cl\u00e9s<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Un agent \u00e9conomique<\/strong>\u00a0: une personne physique ou morale qui prend des d\u00e9cisions et prend \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique\u00a0<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00c9quilibre optimal<\/strong>\u00a0: l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre du march\u00e9 qui permet d&rsquo;affecter les ressources de la fa\u00e7on la plus efficiente.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Loi de l\u2019offre et de la demande<\/strong>\u00a0: loi selon laquelle la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019un produit demand\u00e9 diminue lorsque son prix augmente et inversement<strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Prix d\u2019\u00e9quilibre\u00a0: <\/strong>le prix auquel s\u2019\u00e9galisent l\u2019offre et la demande<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9quilibre\u00a0: <\/strong>quantit\u00e9 devant \u00eatre \u00e9chang\u00e9e pour une allocation optimale (la meilleure r\u00e9partition) des ressources.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"I_Lefficacite_dun_marche\"><\/span><a name=\"_Toc111154146\"><\/a>I. L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 d\u2019un march\u00e9<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><strong>L&rsquo;efficacit\u00e9 du march\u00e9 d\u00e9pend de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 assurer un prix d&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre qui \u00e9galise l&rsquo;offre et la demande<\/strong>. \u00c0 ce prix, l\u2019\u00e9change est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme <strong>optimal<\/strong> : le march\u00e9 alloue des ressources limit\u00e9es aussi efficacement que possible.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 contrario, la fixation arbitraire de la quantit\u00e9 propos\u00e9e est susceptible de porter atteinte au bon fonctionnement du march\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Si l\u2019on trace les courbes d\u2019offre et de demande sur un m\u00eame rep\u00e8re, elles se rejoignent en un point que l\u2019on nomme <strong>le point d&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre. <\/strong>Il s\u2019agit du prix pour lequel l\u2019offre et la demande se rencontrent (sont \u00e9gales).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcabe72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fcabe72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;_animation&quot;:&quot;none&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"509\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Capture-decran-2023-11-19-a-03.16.19.png\" class=\"attachment-1536x1536 size-1536x1536 wp-image-1618\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Capture-decran-2023-11-19-a-03.16.19.png 509w, https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Capture-decran-2023-11-19-a-03.16.19-300x265.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 509px) 100vw, 509px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Point d'\u00e9quilibre entre quantit\u00e9 offerte et demand\u00e9e en fonction du prix (CC BY 2.5)<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34c38b nc-justify-text elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34c38b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>En projetant ce point sur l\u2019axe des ordonn\u00e9es (repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 verticalement), on obtient <strong>le prix d\u2019\u00e9quilibre<\/strong> (P*), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire le prix auquel s\u2019\u00e9galisent l\u2019offre et la demande.<\/p>\n<p>En projetant ce point sur l\u2019axe des abscisses (ligne horizontale), on obtient la <strong>quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9quilibre <\/strong>(Q*), quantit\u00e9 devant \u00eatre \u00e9chang\u00e9e pour une allocation optimale (la meilleure r\u00e9partition) des ressources.<\/p>\n<p>Ce m\u00e9canisme d&rsquo;ajustement des prix permet d&rsquo;expliquer comment le prix est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 sur un march\u00e9 concurrentiel.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"II_Explication_du_fonctionnement_des_prix_sur_un_marche_en_situation_de_concurrence\"><\/span><a name=\"_Toc111154147\"><\/a>II. Explication du fonctionnement des prix sur un march\u00e9 en situation de concurrence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Sur un march\u00e9, <strong>si l\u2019offre est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la demande<\/strong>, le prix aura tendance \u00e0 diminuer (<strong>la concurrence s\u2019aiguise entre les offreurs<\/strong>) jusqu\u2019\u00e0 qu\u2019un nouvel \u00e9quilibre entre l\u2019offre et la demande soit atteint.<\/p>\n<p>\u00c0 l\u2019inverse, <strong>si la demande est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 l\u2019offre<\/strong>, le prix aura tendance \u00e0 augmenter (<strong>la concurrence s\u2019aiguise entre demandeurs<\/strong>) jusqu\u2019\u00e0 atteindre un nouvel \u00e9quilibre.<\/p>\n<p>Ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne de convergence est appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0loi de l\u2019offre et de la demande\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"III_Postulats_rationalite_des_agents_et_concurrence_parfaite\"><\/span><a name=\"_Toc111154148\"><\/a>III. Postulats : rationalit\u00e9 des agents et concurrence parfaite<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Pour qu&rsquo;un march\u00e9 converge vers l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre (que l\u2019offre \u00e9gale \u00e0 la demande pour chaque bien), certaines conditions doivent \u00eatre remplies\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Les agents \u00e9conomiques doivent \u00eatre <strong>rationnels<\/strong> : on consid\u00e9rera qu&rsquo;un agent \u00e9conomique est rationnel s&rsquo;il utilise ses ressources pour optimiser sa situation (bien-\u00eatre, richesse), il est \u00e0 la fois un maximisateur strat\u00e8ge et math\u00e9maticien. Le m\u00e9nage, par l&rsquo;obtention de biens et services qui maximisent sa satisfaction ; l&rsquo;entreprise, par la production de la quantit\u00e9 de biens et services dont la vente maximise son profit.<br \/><br \/><\/li>\n<li>Que le march\u00e9 se trouve dans une situation de <strong>concurrence parfaite<\/strong>. Pour cela il faut un nombre \u00e9lev\u00e9 de concurrents et la transparence de l\u2019information (autrement les agents feraient des choix non optimaux)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-071e74f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"071e74f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8c43dc4\" data-id=\"8c43dc4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa0c527 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"aa0c527\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-789777a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"789777a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dd93843\" data-id=\"dd93843\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1d0d5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b1d0d5c\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e963bc\" data-id=\"7e963bc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Comment se forme l\u2019\u00e9quilibre sur un march\u00e9 ? &#8212;&#8212;&#8211; Objectif\u00a0: \u00catre capable de repr\u00e9senter un graphique avec des courbes de demande et d\u2019offre permettant d\u2019identifier le prix d\u2019\u00e9quilibre et la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9quilibre &#8212;&#8212;&#8211; Mots cl\u00e9s Un agent \u00e9conomique\u00a0: une personne physique ou morale qui prend des d\u00e9cisions et prend \u00e0 l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c9quilibre optimal\u00a0: l&rsquo;\u00e9quilibre [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_canvas","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5,23,24],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1616"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1616"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1876,"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1616\/revisions\/1876"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.maxdecours.com\/maxblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}